During his reign the autocracy stabilized and dissent was forced underground. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas continued the tradition and commissioned two eggs, one for his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother, Dagmar, every Easter. Born: St.Petersburg, 26 February (10 March) 1845Died: Livadiya, 20 October (1 November) 1894Reigned: 1881-1894. Dismayed to learn that Prince Wittgenstein had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". Lacking the sophistication and refinement generally associated with men of royal lineage, Alexander III prided himself on being rough and unrefined. The Romanovs family Alexander III Alexander III Born: St. Petersburg, 26 February (10 March) 1845 Died: Livadiya, 20 October (1 November) 1894 Reigned: 1881-1894 Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (the future Emperor Alexander III) was the second son of Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. Alongside these repressions were economic policies that encouraged the construction of railways and heavy industries. Polunov, A. Iu. Industrial development increased during his reign. His older brother, Nicholas, was the heir apparent, and Alexander, in the family tradition, was groomed for a military career. Biography: Alexander III was Emperor of Russia from 1881 until his death from kidney disease in 1894. Upon assuming his position as the emperor he began reversing several of the policies that his liberal minded father had implemented. During his autocratic reign Russian absolutism asserted itself for the last time. (Pobedonostsev appears as "Toporov" in Tolstoy's novel Resurrection. ", Suny, Ronald Grigor. Born in St Petersburg on February 26, 1845 (old style), he was the second son of Alexander II, the "Tsar Liberator" who had freed the serfs. [12] Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded.[13] Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life.[14] His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Should we ever presume to know God's? Alexander became the Tsarevitch of Russia in 1865 following the death of his brother, Nicholas, from meningitis. The Tsar attempted to act as an arbiter in European conflicts and to ensure peaceful resolutions. Indeed, during his reign, Russia did not become entangled in any wars and the Tsar strove to maintain peace in Europe, which earned him the moniker of "Peacemaker". [15] He privately denounced Catherine as "the outsider" and complained that she was "designing and immature". Its roof collapsed, and Alexander held its remains on his shoulders as the children fled outdoors. It was also Pobedonostsev that taught Alexander III to be anti-Semitic and view the Jewish community of the Empire as "Christ Killers". 1 March] 1881 1 November [O.S. One cannot fault Alexander's reaction to his father's death. The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. To his credit, as a husband and a father he was greatly successful. Omissions? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an ukaz setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. With regard to Bulgaria he exercised similar self-control. Please send your comments or suggestions on this page to Scott Malsom. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, Professor of Economics, Columbia University, 195663. Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov or Alexander III ( III ) (March 10, 1845 - November 1, 1894) was the Emperor (Tsar) of Russia from March 14, 1881 until his death on November 1, 1894. The reign of Alexander III began with the assassination of Alexander II in March 1881. Biography. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. 26 February] 1845 1 November [O.S. [33], In Central Asian affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking conflict with the United Kingdom (see Panjdeh incident), and he never allowed the bellicose partisans of a forward policy to get out of hand. [8], Bismarck failed to do what was expected of him by the Russian emperor. Author of. Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1907-1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1917, Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1918-1924, Russian Revolution memory quiz revolutionaries, Russian Revolution memory quiz tsarists, Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (I), Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (II), Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1906 to 1913, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1914 to 1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events to 1905, a statement asserting his belief in unshakable autocracy. ", Nelipa, M., ALEXANDER III His Life and Reign (2014), Gilbert's Books. In spite of all his shortcomings, Russia fought no major wars during his reign and thus he was dubbed "The Peacemaker". Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia remembered hearing Alexander say, To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks. Alexandra's sister became the wife of Czar Alexander III and their son Nicholas became the last Czar, murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918. . The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. . He would order each musician of the orchestra to leave and turn off the lights until the guests left. Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 1881 to 1894. As a result of the assassination, Alexander III would not consider granting the constitution. Alexander III (1845-1894) was the father of Nicholas II and the second-last Romanov tsar of Russia. Corrections? This policy is known in Russia as "counter-reforms" (Russian: ). [50] In contrast to the strict security observed in Russia, Alexander and Maria revelled in the relative freedom that they enjoyed in Denmark, Alexander once commenting to the Prince and Princess of Wales near the end of a visit that he envied them being able to return to a happy home in England, while he was returning to his Russian prison. Margaret Maxwell, "A Re-examination of the Role of N. K. Giers as Russian Foreign Minister under Alexander III" pp 35253. "[39], In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya. Having succeeded to the throne on the assassination of his father, Alexander II, he rejected the latter's plans for constitutional reform. We can help. His older brother and heir to the throne, Nicholas, died in 1865. Lowe's biography was first published in 1895, and though it appeared within a year of the subject's death, it remains an invaluable record of his . The eighth film. He and Maria Feodorovna were officially crowned and anointed at the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow on 27 May 1883. Construction began on the Trans-Siberian Railway. This Russian Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia between 1891 and 1927. Coronation of Maria Fyodorovna and Alexander III, Emperor Alexander III with his wife and children, The dining car and grand-ducal wagon of the Russian Imperial train after the accident on 17 October 1888, The body of Tsar Alexander III in his chair with Empress Maria Fedorovna alongside (from the album. While on his deathbed, his brother Nicholas insisted that he also take his fiance. In 1865, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became heir apparent (as Tsarevich). At the same time, the country experienced an economic upturn: preparations were made for a monetary reform and the introduction of the gold-backed rouble, a tax reform was introduced, customs regulations adopted, and the introduction of a government monopoly on the wine trade increased tax revenues. At the same time, he sought to strengthen and centralize the imperial administration and to bring it more under his personal control. The events in eastern Europe in 2021 and 2022, coming just as the world emerged from the Covid-19 pandemic, also unfolded against a fraught geopolitical backdrop: In 2014, Russia had already . The marriage proved to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. For Alexander's role in forging the Franco-Russian Alliance, the French Republic commissioned a bridge named in his honour, Pont Alexandre III. The most dramatic success came in 1885, settling long-standing tensions with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. He encouraged trade and commerce and took steps to revive Russias economy which had suffered a major setback after the Russian-Turkish war of 18771878. [61] Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. His opinions are utterly childish. Indeed, he rather relished the idea of being of the same rough texture as some of his subjects. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was born in the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, the second son of Tsar Alexander II. Early life and education of Alexander III, Ascent to the throne and Russification program, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-III-emperor-of-Russia, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Alexander III, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander III, History Learning Site - Biography of Alexander III, Alexander III - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander III - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later (from 1880) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia. However, his phlegmatic nature restrained him from many exaggerations, and any popular illusions he may have imbibed were dispelled by personal observation in Bulgaria where he commanded the left wing of the invading army. Date accessed: March 02, 2023 Together, Alexander III and Empress Marie had five children. Age, Height & Body Measurements. Citation information The reign of Alexander III began in tragedy. During his reign he adopted several repressive policies including the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. He was buried in the St. Peter & Paul Cathedral in St Petersburg, the last Tsar be so. "Konstantin Petrovich PobedonostsevMan and Politician". The terrible fate of the latter produced an awful impression upon Alexander, but instead of continuing the reforms of the "Czar-Emancipator," as was expected, heat once gave . However, during a trip to Europe, Nicholas unexpectedly fell ill with meningitis and died in Nice, and Alexander, to his own surprise, became heir to the throne. Alexander became Emperor of Russia when his father was assassinated 23 March 1801. The rest would bear a princely title and the style of Serene Highness. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russian, is Former Emperor of All Russia. There is no doubt that he loved his country and fully expected to answer to God as to his accountability as Tsar. Awards of Alexander III Of Russia, birthday, children and many other facts. In disposition, Alexander bore little resemblance to his soft-hearted, liberal father, and still less to his refined, philosophic, sentimental, chivalrous, yet cunning great-uncle Emperor Alexander I. Contents 1 Biography He imposed the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, and gave orders for persecuting the Jews and destroying the German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the Russian provinces. Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC - 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. It yielded six children including the future Nicholas II. He was born as Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). Born at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1845; died at Livadia, Nov. 1, 1894. As a whole, Alexanders reign cannot be regarded as one of the eventful periods of Russian history, but it is arguable that under his hard, unsympathetic rule the country made some progress. In his childhood, he had had an unpleasant experience on a bad-tempered mount. He received only the perfunctory training given to grand dukes of that period, which did not go much beyond primary and secondary instruction, acquaintance with French, English, and German, and military drill. Copyright 2023 Bob Atchison. On his deathbed, Nicholas allegedly expressed the wish that his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry Alexander. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. While his brother Nicolasthe tsarevich or heir apparentwas groomed to be the future king, Alexander only received the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. The young Grand Duke was greatly influenced by his tutor Constantine Petrovich Pobedonostsev who instilled into him conservative fundamentals of autocracy, Orthodoxy and nationalism that were required to govern the Russian Empire. During his childhood, Alexander was tutored by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, whose lessons instilled him the young prince with both religious piety and political conservatism. He was a loving father and devoted husband. His simplicity was also evident in his choice of living quarters. Never consulted on political questions, Alexander confined himself to military duties and fulfilled them in a conscientious and unobtrusive manner. Alexander III of Russia, Tsar of Russia, was born 10 March 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia to Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) and Maria von Hessen und bei Rhein (1824-1880) and died 1 November 1894 Livadia Palace Livadiya, Russia of nephritis. The antagonism between father and son first appeared publicly during the Franco-German War, when the tsar sympathized with Prussia and the tsarevich Alexander with the French. He possessed such a strong will as to rule the Russian Empire as absolute autocrat, to the point where the Empire stabilized and prospered, thus allowing capitalism to begin to take root. He was born on March 10, 1845 and his birthplace is Saint Petersburg, Russia. At the moment of the crash, the imperial family was in the dining car. Any liberal proposals in government were quickly dismissed. Title: Tsar Alexander III Alexander was an avid collector of art, and in this matter he was only rivaled by Catherine the Great. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. Aleksndr II Nikolyevich, IPA: [lksandr ftroj nklajvt]; 29 April 1818 - 13 March 1881) [a] was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (49 years old). History tends to view Alexander III as a brutish despot. To his credit he stabilized the Russian government and maintained peace with his European and Asian neighbors. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. In such policies Alexander III followed the advice of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, who retained control of the Church in Russia through his long tenure as Procurator of the Holy Synod (from 1880 to 1905) and who became tutor to Alexander's son and heir, Nicholas. [18][19][20][21], Alexander III disliked the extravagance of the rest of his family. Outside of politics, Alexander was additionally known for a striking appearance, with an American historian later noting how he stood out as being a "tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength." ", Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19, Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.29, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459, Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54, John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 121, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.128, Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. How could he preside over such a committee?[47] He was worried that Nicholas had no experiences with women and arranged for the Polish ballerina Mathilde Kschessinskaya to become his son's mistress. In this, he asserted his commitment to maintaining tsarist autocracy and the supremacy of the Orthodox church. Alexander III of Russia is best remembered as a man of peace. In 1866 Alexander married the daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark, Dagmar (Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar), who had been his late brother's fiancee. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Michael McConnell, Steve Thompson 1871), Xenia (b. Upon taking the throne, Alexander began to undo the liberal reforms which had been enacted over the course of . His Father, Alexander II was within hours of granting the country its first constitution. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. [citation needed], Alexander had the political goal of Russification, which involved homogenizing the language and religion of Russia's people. Nonetheless, in 1892 and 1893, many agricultural areas across the country were hit with famine. Height: in centimeters - N/A: Weight: in kg - N/A: Eye Color: N/A: Hair Color: N/A: Blood Type: N/A: Tattoo(s) N/A: Alexander III of Russia. Alexander Iii is a famous Emperor who has a net worth of $1-2 million. Polunov, A. Iu. Contemporaries noted his sturdy health, athletic build and exceptional modesty in everyday life. [66] On 5 June 2021, he unveiled another monument to Alexander on the site of Gatchina Palace, Leningrad Oblast.[67]. Native American Ancestry - Am I descended from Pochahontas. 1 March] 1881 until his death on 1 November [O.S. [59] Recognizing that the Tsar's days were numbered, various imperial relatives began to descend on Livadia. [60] On 21 October, Alexander received Nicholas's fiance, Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, who had come from her native Darmstadt to receive the Tsar's blessing. In order to achieve this goal, he implemented a stringent policy of Russification of national minorities. Alexander III has died on Oct 20, 1894 ( age 49). The termination of the Russo-German alliance in 1890 drove Alexander reluctantly into an alliance with France, a country that he strongly disliked as the breeding place of revolutions. This site is created and maintained by Alpha History. He was an unsympathetic ruler though it cannot be denied that the industrial development in Russia increased during his reign. He was the embodiment of the fabled Russian bear. When he became tsar, he reflected that no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa [Nicholas]"[9] and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas died. At a restaurant, Grand Duke Vladimir had a brawl with the French actor Lucien Guitry when the latter kissed his wife, Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Their first child, Nicholas, was born in 1868 and would be the last Tsar of Russia. 28 October]1866 in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name Maria Feodorovna. Learn about DNA. [citation needed], The Russian famine of 189192, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and the ensuing cholera epidemic permitted some liberal activity, as the Russian government could not cope with the crisis and had to allow zemstvos to help with relief (among others, Leo Tolstoy helped with relief efforts on his estate and through the British press,[24] and Chekhov directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages). Alexander III is best known as a Emperor. 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